The hottest IC has changed in 50 years, and chip m

50 years of changes in integrated circuits: chip manufacturers have reached an unprecedented level editor's note: according to wired magazine, in 1958, Texas Instruments showed the world's first integrated circuit board, marking that the world has entered the era of integrated circuits. After Kilby developed the first usable integrated circuit, Noyce proposed a model of "semiconductor equipment and lead structure". In 1961, Texas Instruments developed the first computer based on integrated circuits for the U.S. air force, the so-called "molecular electronic computer"

according to wired magazine, in 1958, Texas Instruments showed the world's first integrated circuit board, marking that the world has entered the era of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits have the advantages of small size, light weight, long service life and high reliability. At the same time, the cost is relatively low, which is convenient for large-scale production

in the past 50 years, integrated circuits have been widely used in industry, military, communication, remote control and other fields. Using integrated circuits to assemble electronic equipment, its assembly density can be increased by dozens to thousands of times compared with transistors, and the stable working time of the equipment can also be greatly improved

the following is the brief development and application of integrated circuits in the past 50 years:

1. The first integrated circuit board

several messy wires connect five electronic components together, forming the first integrated circuit in history. Although it doesn't look beautiful, it turns out that its working efficiency is much higher than using discrete components. The first integrated circuit in history came from Jack Kilby. At that time, the invention of transistor made up for the deficiency of electronic tube, but engineers soon encountered new problems. In order to make and use electronic circuits, engineers have to manually assemble and connect various discrete components, such as transistors, diodes, capacitors, etc. Obviously, this approach is unrealistic. Therefore, Kilby proposed the design scheme of integrated circuit

2. Semiconductor equipment and lead structure model

in fact, in the 1950s, many engineers thought of the concept of this integrated circuit. Robert Noyce, the co-founder of American Fairchild company, is one of them. After Kilby developed the first usable integrated circuit, Noyce proposed a model of "semiconductor equipment and lead structure". In 1960, Xiantong company manufactured 7. The tensile testing machine lubricated the first monolithic integrated circuit that can be used in practice. Noyce's solution eventually became a practical technology in the large-scale production of integrated circuits. Kilby and Noyes were both awarded the National Medal of science. They are recognized as co inventors of integrated circuits

3 the total investment is 18.46955 billion yuan. Although the advantages of integrated circuits are obvious, they have not been applied in the industrial sector for a long time. On the contrary, it first attracted the interest of military and government departments. In 1961, Texas Instruments developed the first computer based on integrated circuits for the U.S. air force, the so-called "molecular electronic computer". NASA has also begun to show great interest in this technology. At that time, "Apollo navigation computer" and "interstellar surveillance probe" both adopted integrated circuit technology

4. Integrated circuits are used in missile guidance systems

in 1962, Ti developed 22 sets of integrated circuits for "minuteman-i" and "minuteman-ii" missile guidance systems. This is not only the first time that integrated circuits have been used in missile guidance systems, but also the first time that transistor technology has been used in the military field. Although metal materials are originally riddled with holes, they can also be changed by a wonderful electroplating process. By 1965, the U.S. Air Force had surpassed NASA to become the world's largest integrated circuit consumer

5. Gordon Moore proposed Moore's law

Gordon Moore, one of the co founders of Intel, also played an important role in the early development of integrated circuits. As early as 1965, Moore predicted the future of integrated circuits. He calculated that by 1975, the number of electronic components integrated on each chip would reach 65000. In fact, the number of electronic components integrated on the chip will double every 12 months. This is what we now know about computer "Moore's law"

6, "busicom 141 pf" computer

in the 1960s, computers were usually bulky behemoths. The appearance of integrated circuits has changed the image of computers. In 1969, Intel designed 12 chips for the "busicom 141-pf" computer newly developed by Japanese computer company. However, Ted Hoff, an engineer of Intel, and others proposed another design scheme according to the needs of Japanese companies. Hence the birth of the first microprocessor in history - 4004

7. Intel 4004 microprocessor

with the progress of history, integrated circuits have already given way to microprocessors. Intel's 4004 microprocessor is not the first commercial microprocessor, but it is the first computer component sold on the open market. According to Hoff, the computing power of the 4004 microprocessor is not inferior to the world's first computer ENIAC (electronic digital integrator), but much smaller than ENIAC. ENIAC uses 18000 vacuum tubes, occupying the entire room

8, "poulsa" digital watch

after portable calculators and digital watches, the next major commercial application of integrated circuits may be "wrist computers". "Microma" liquid crystal digital meter is the first product to apply "system chip" technology. The "poulsa" launched by Hamilton company is the first digital hand in the world, so the precision table. In 1970, the price of Pulsa was $2100 when it was just launched

9. Integrated circuit technology is advancing by leaps and bounds

nowadays, the number of transistors integrated on chips produced by chip manufacturers (such as Intel, AMD and other companies) has reached an unprecedented level, and the volume of each transistor has become very small. For example, a needle tip can accommodate 30million 45 nanometer sized transistors. In addition, the price of a single transistor on today's processors is only one millionth of the transistor price in 1968